吃透雅思剑桥系列替换词考点 你离高分就差这些
今天给大家端上一碗纯纯的干货，就是这么任性。
以前有同学说，自己刷完了剑桥雅思几本书，然后就不知道该拿什么书来备考，于是来问哥怎么办。哥不知道同学们平时是怎么“刷”剑桥雅思的，哥先问问，你们真的把剑桥几本书吃透了吗，再做一遍能都做对吗，把听力单拿出来能听懂吗，阅读里的生词都认识了吗，写作口语能用上吗？
书本里的题目可不是刷刷刷就能帮你提分的!比如阅读，就是一个很好的语料库，但是把有用的东西扒出来却是个大工程。
所以帮大家找来这个，简单总结一下剑桥雅思4和5阅读里面有用的替换词。
（网盘地址，大家可复制到电脑里下载http://pan.baidu.com/s/1c18Nwa8）
拿走不谢！
目录：
剑四阅读考点替换词
剑桥雅思真题456中的替换关系
雅思高频同义词
剑桥雅思5阅读分篇替换词
剑四阅读考点替换词
名词：
1. the destruction of rainforests (原文) --the loss of the rainforests
2. rainforest conservation( 原文)—the rainforests to be protected
3. the geographical location—where the rainforests were
4. courtship ritual—mating
5. feeding—eating
6. young people—teens
7. high standing—high opinion
8. take courses—retrain
9. domestic building—dwellings
10. economic progress—economic growth
形容词：
1. Rudimentary—underdeveloped
2. Well-developed—best developed
3. Surprised—taken aback
4. be loath to/be conservative about —be reluctant to
4. chronic—long-term
5. Awareness—conscious
6. basic--fundamental
动词：
1. Resemble—make similar choices/look like
2. choose entrepreneurship—set up their own business
3. make unbiased statements—comment objectively on
4. deal only with—focus on
5. be derived from—be gained from
6. break records—set new records
7. comprehend—explain
8. be broken down—be subdivided
9. predict—estimate
10. the elderly—elderly people
副词：
With tremendous force—violently
AB 相关替换
1. media coverage—Newspaper and television
2. A curve inside the circle—asymbol
3. Government policy—governmentinitiative
4. A growing interest in culturalidentity—increasing appreciation
5. Bilingualism—more than onelanguage
6. Facial expression—body language
7. Nutriment—diet
8. Pots, tools and weapons—objects
关系替换：
1. People can learn…-- it can teach people…
2. A depends on B—B affect A
剑桥雅思真题456中的替换关系
Recognize = identify
Ethical=Moral
plenty of=Considerable=significant amount of
Almost certainly=little doubt
Modification=change=alteration=adjust
Better=Improve(方向词)
Live=residence=inhabitant
first=initial=primary§
Important=worthytrying=significant=essential
People=mortal=human=mankind
Reflect=feature=represent§
• Legitimate= have right to
• long term=chronic
• Interest (forborrowing)=slightly more money
• Feasible=practical
• Susceptible易受影响的 =allergic predisposed vulnerable
• mistaken=misconception=confusion=misunderstanding
• have yet to determine =yet not known
• release stress/tension= (psychictension is) punctured=
• Diversity=variety
• accompanying=with
• Aesthetic=beautiful
• Rigid = not yielding
• focus on=emphasize=narrow down
雅思高频近义词
注意，近义不等于同义，不要乱用词汇~
☆artificial
synthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudo
☆conventional
traditional, historical, past; accepted, common, regular, routine, mainstream, ordinary
☆demand
request, claim, need, order, require, call for
☆decline
decrease, degeneration, drop, fall, recession, depression, reduction, slump,worsening
☆develop
evolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourish
☆difficulty
handicap, hardship, adversity, challenge, complication, dilemma, perplexity, plight, trouble
☆early
first, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote
☆find
discover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncover
☆future
what's next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcoming
☆how
describe, operate, explain, clarify, demonstrate, eludicate, expound, illustrate, interpret, account for
☆inevitable
unavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure
☆militant
armed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlike
☆objection
commercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstration
☆obstacle
bar, barricade, barrier, block, blockage, check, obstruction, problem, snag,hurdle
☆prevalent
common, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popular
☆reduce
curtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slash
☆role
function (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post,task, contribution
☆recent
modern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present,up-to-date
☆simulate
virtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitate
☆significance
importance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point,purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniary
☆worldwide
international, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, aroundthe world
作文常用词的对应近义词汇短语
解决：solve, resolve, deal with, cope with, handle, tackle
消除：get rid of, eradicate, eliminate
依赖：rely on, depend on, count on
十分：very much, immensely, hugely, largely, greatly,enormously, tremendously
损害：damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair
给予：give, offer, render, impart, provide
发展：develop, cultivate, foster
优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
缺陷：disadvantage, detect, demerit, drawback, downside,
剑桥雅思5阅读替换词
AB相似替换: 同义词
Time limit—deadline
Confer sth. on—bring sth. to
Be associated with—establishment/be linked to
Built-in—biological
Expect—predict
Help—have a positive effect on
Advantageous trait—positive survival mechanism
Get worse—take a pessimistic view
Slow down—restrict
Provide what … wants—meet …’s expectation
Urgent—most pressing
When heated—under heat
The first—in origin
Extract—remove
Dub—consider
Be punctured by—release of nervous energy
“ah ,ah” noise—particular noise
demanding—more difficult
outlook—subjective view
how…works—the operation of
revolution--development
AB关系替换：
Sth. Prevail upon King George III to – be granted sth. By the king
C5T1
Passage 1
第二段
compile v.编辑，编纂
write • compile • compose
concentrate v.集中，关注
pay attention • concentrate • concentration • keep your mind on • keep youreyes on • take notice/note • attentive • attention span
convey v.传达，传递
express • convey • communicate • say • get something over • put something intowords/find the words to say
第三段
define v.定义……
meaning • sense • significance • definition • connotation • define
circumscribe v.限制，约束
To limit power, rights, or abilities [= restrict]:
conquer v.征服
defeat • overwhelm • annihilate • rout • bring somebody to their knees •conquer
hold back • stifle • suppress • overcome/conquer
第五段
station v.驻扎，静坐
send • pack off • dispatch/despatch • send in • send out • be posted • bestationed
第六段
file v.把文件或资料归档
keep • store • keep something on file • file • keep a record/keep records
rival v.对抗，与……抗衡
competitor • rival • the competition
第八段
ascertain v.确定
check • check out • make sure/make certain • double-check • verify • confirm •ascertain
Passage 2
第一段
obey v.遵守，遵从
obey • comply with • abide by • keep to • stick to the rules • conform to •observe • respect • toe the line • go by the book/do something by the book
第二段
administer v.控制，施加
To manage the work or money of a company or organization
simulate v.模拟
To make or produce something that is not real but has the appearance or feelingof being
real
emit v.释放出，发出……的声音
send out • give out • give off • emit • radiate • cast/throw
make a sound/make a noise • go • with • go off • emit • let out
writhe v.因剧痛而蠕动，扭动身体
fidget • can"t keep still • squirm • wriggle • writhe • twitch
denounce v.谴责，指责
voice/express/show etc your disapproval • condemn • denounce • deplore
第三段
unfold v.展开
open • unwrap • unfold • unroll
pose v.带来，提出
ask
balk v.畏缩不前，犹豫
To not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, orfrightening
question v.质疑
question • interrogate • cross-examine • carry out door-to-door inquiries • behelping police with their inquiries
第四段
anticipate v.预测
expect • think • anticipate
第五段
fluster v.使不安，使紧张，使困惑
To make someone nervous and confused by making them hurry or interrupting them:
第六段
discharge v.放电，释放
If a piece of electrical equipment discharges, or if it is discharged, it sendsout electricity
evolve v.演变，进化
develop • evolve
第七段
evoke v.引发，引起
remind somebody of • make somebody think of • bring/call to mind • be areminder • bring back memories/take somebody back • evoke • evocative • comeflooding back
第八段
merge v.合并，混合
combine • be a mixture of something and something • bring together • blend •mingle • merge
unite • team up • get together • combine • join forces • come together •amalgamate • merge
surrender v.投降，放弃
admit/accept defeat • give in • surrender • concede
第九段
forgo v.放弃
do without/go without • deny yourself • abstain • forgo
dictate v.听写，控制，指挥
tell • order • ask somebody to do something • demand • insist • dictate
elucidate v.阐明，说明，解释
To explain something that is difficult to understand by providing moreinformation
Passage 3
第二段
starve v.使……挨饿
starving • starve • hungry • not get enough to eat • half-starved • underfed •malnourished
exaggerate v.夸大,夸张
exaggerate • blow something (up) out of all proportion • make too much of •overrated • overemphasize • overstate • be melodramatic • lay it on
associate v.与……相连
link • associate • make a connection • establish a link
be connected/be related • be linked • associated • have/be something to do with• be bound up with something/go hand in hand
cure v.治愈
cure • remedy • antidote
restrict v.限制，约束
limit • restrict • set/impose/put a limit • keep to/keep within • confine • fix
accelerate v.加速，加快
go faster • speed up • pick up/gather speed • accelerate • quicken your pace •gain/gather momentum
第三段
nurture v.培育，形成
nurture • foster
decline v.下降
go down/come down • fall/drop • decrease • decline • reduction • cut •plummet/plunge • taper off • dwindle • slide • take a nosedive
第五段
overstate v.夸大
exaggerate • blow something (up) out of all proportion • make too much of •overrated • overemphasize • overstate • be melodramatic • lay it on
第六段
apply v.适用，应用
apply • claim • request • approach • put in for • applicant • claimant
oppose v.反对
be against/be opposed to • oppose • not agree with something • not believe insomething • anti- • hostile • antagonistic
第七段
melt v.融化
melt • dissolve • thaw • melt down • molten • condense • soluble
diminish v.消失，减少
To become or make something become smaller or less [= reduce]:
第十段
experience v.经历
happen to • experience • go through • live through • know
postpone v.推延，延迟
postpone • put off • delay • be pushed/moved/put back • put something onice/put something on the back burner • procrastinate
第十一段
buy v.买，争取(时间)
buy • get • purchase • snap up • pick up • splash out on • acquire
avoid v.避免
avoid • stay away/keep away • steer clear of • make a detour
分篇替换词：C5T2
Passage 1
第一段
patent v.申请专利
To obtain a special document giving you the right to make or sell a newinvention or product
第二段
mould v.铸造，塑造
form • mould • shape
engineer v.设计，加工
orchestrate • stage-manage • engineer • contrive
revert v.返回
start again • go back to/revert to • slip back into
第四段
abandon v.放弃，抛弃
give up • quit • abandon • drop • leave it at that
amass v.累计，积累
accumulate • amass • gain
manufacture v.制造
make • produce • manufacture • mass-produce • churn out/turn out • create •fashion • build • construct • assemble
第五段
outline v.列举outline • sketch out
第六段
govern v.受……限制
govern • run • rule • be in power • be in government • hold office
extract v.抽取，提取
find out • get something out of • get information • extract • worm somethingout of • drag something out of
taper v.逐渐变细，变尖
get/grow thinner get narrower • taper
第七段
relish v.欣赏，品味
revel in • get a kick out of • relish • gloat • wallow in • take pleasure in •delight in
despise v.鄙视，轻视
hate • hate somebody"s guts • can"t stand • detest • loathe • despise• abhor
Passage 2
第一段
tempt v.引发
attract • tempt • seduce
dub v. 称作
call • christen • dub
第二段
rely v.依靠，依赖
To trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect themto do [ reliable, reliance]:
puncture v. 戳破，化解
make a hole in • pierce • puncture • punch • drill a hole
第五段
trigger v. 引发，触发
set off • trigger/spark • precipitate
amuse v. 使愉快，开心
make somebody laugh • crack somebody up • raise a laugh • have somebody inhysterics/stitches • amuse
第七段
track v. 追踪
follow • tail • be/sit on somebody"s tail • shadow • track/trail • hound •stalk • stalker
accompany v. 伴随
with • together • along with • come with • accompanying
第八段
tuck v. 隐藏，蜷缩
put • slide • tuck • insert
第十段
milk v. 挤奶，猎取
To take milk from a cow or goat
第十一段
distort v. 扭曲，歪曲
twist • misrepresent • distort • falsify • put words into somebody"s mouth• cook the books • rewrite history
Passage 3
第一段
dominate v.统治，在……中拥有重要的位置
dominate • monopolize • monopoly • stranglehold • have total/complete control •hold sway
第二段
renew v.重新开始，使复活，使更新
continue • start again • go on • go back to/return to • resume • take somethingup again • pick up/take up where you left off • reopen • renew
第三段
adopt v.接受，采纳
adopt • foster • guardian • in care
publicize v.出版
advertise • promote • publicize • market • hype/hype up • plug • sell • push •announce • report
promote v.促进，加强
help • encourage • promote • aid • benefit • advance/further • be conducive to• give something a boost • be favourable for/to
第六段
exploit v.探索
use • exploit • make use of • take advantage of • play on • capitalize on
deposit v.储存，堆积，放置，存放
put • place • leave • abandon • position • plant a bomb/explosives etc • plant• lay • set down • deposit
seal v.盖戳
block up • plug/ plug up • seal
restrict v.限制
limit • restrict • set/ impose/ put a limit • keep to/ keep within • confine • fix
第七段
delay v.拖延，延迟
delay • hold-up/holdup • bottleneck
第八段
engage v.参与，参加
To be doing or to become involved in an activity
foster v.促进，加强
promote
第九段
inaugurate v.创立
To open a building or start an organization, event etc for the first time:
第十段
estimate v.估计
guess • estimate • guesswork • speculation • speculative • conjecture
oppose v.反对，抵制
be against/be opposed to • oppose • not agree with something • not believe insomething • anti- • hostile • antagonistic
institute v.建立
To introduce or start a system, rule, legal process etc
分篇替换词：C5T3
Passage 1
A段
argue v.争辩，坚决主张，认为
argue • quarrel • fight • have a fight • fall out with • be at eachother"s throats • clash
B段
claim v.宣称，表示
claim • maintain • assert • confirm • testify • swear • certify • insist •protest • deny
expand v.扩充，扩展
get bigger • grow • expand • swell up • stretch
C段
acknowledge v.认可，承认
accept • recognize • acknowledge
observe v.注意到，观察到
notice • can see/can tell • I see • spot • become aware/conscious • catchsomebody"s eye • detect • note • observe • perceive
launch v.发起，进行
start • begin • get down to • start on • set about/set to work • proceed to dosomething • settle down to • launch into • embark on/upon • come to/grow to/getto • get cracking
involve v.包括，涵盖，使……参与进来
involve • drag somebody into • bring in
D段
bypass v.绕过……
To go around a town or other busy place rather than through it:
foster v.促进
promote
E段
evaluate v.评估，评价
judge • assess • evaluate • critique
solve v.解决
solve • work out/figure out
F段
perpetuate v.延续，保持
continue/carry on • maintain • perpetuate • keep up • preserve
outline v.罗列，列举
summary • outline • overview • rundown • precis • synopsis
indicate v.表明，暗示
point • indicate • gesture at/towards • point out
Passage 2
A段
erode v.腐蚀，侵蚀
wear away • erode • corrode • rust/rust away
scour v.用力擦洗，冲刷
brush • scrub • sweep • scour
B段
deposit v.沉积，堆积
put in • deposit
accumulate v.累计，聚集
accumulate • build up • pile up • mount up • collect • gather
C段
indicate v.表明，暗示
point • indicate • gesture at/towards • point out
replenish v.补充，添加
refill • replenish • top up
D段
divert v.转移，使转向
not draw attention • draw attention away from • divert/distract attention • putsomebody off • keep a low profile
E段
rest v.休息，存留在
rest • take a rest • relax • take a break • lie down • put your feet up • laze• take it easy • chill/chill out
concur v.同意，赞同
agree • be in agreement • be of the same opinion • share the view that •subscribe to • concur
affect v.影响
have an effect • have an impact • affect • take effect • make a difference •impact
stimulate v.刺激，激发
To encourage or help an activity to begin or develop further
upset v.使……不安
upset • hurt • hurt somebody"s feelings • distress
F段
devise v.设计，制定出
invent • create • come up with/think up • devise • make up • conceive • dreamup • coin
Passage 3
引子
perform v.表演，执行
perform • appear • be in something
A段
vanish v.消失，突然不见
disappear • vanish • become extinct • extinction • die out • cease to exist
ignite v.点燃，引发
set fire to something/set something on fire • light • torch • ignite
B段
launch v.建立，发布
start • launch • open • initiate • spark off • set in motion • get/start/setthe ball rolling • get things moving • (let"s) get this show on the road
coin v.创造
invent • create • come up with/think up • devise • make up • conceive • dreamup • coin
encompass v.包含，涵盖
cover • encompass • embrace • span
capture v.捕捉，占领，再现
capture • round up • take somebody prisoner • recapture
mimic v.模仿
imitate • do an impression/imitation • mimic • a take-off of somebody/something
C段
peak v.达到全盛
To reach the highest point or level:
rear v.培养，养育，培育
To look after a person or animal until they are fully grown [= raise]:
imply v.暗示
suggest • imply • say • implication • undertone
solve v.解决
solve • find/come up with a solution • resolve • put right • cure • remedy •sort out • sort • iron out
materialize v.变为现实
happen • come true • be realized • be fulfilled • materialize
opt v.选择
decide on • settle on • plump for • opt
align v.与……同列，与……结盟
To publicly support a political group, country, or person that you agree with
D段
Characterize v. 描绘，描述……的特征
Describe something/somebody as • characterize somebody/something as • label •portray/represent • depict • paint a pictur
joke v.开玩笑
make a joke/crack a joke • tell a joke • joke • wisecrack
implement v.实施
carry out • execute • implement • put something into practice • deliver thegoods/come up with the goods
E段
back v.支持
To support someone or something, especially by giving them money or using yourinfluence
reckon v.认为
think • believe • feel • figure • reckon • consider • regard/see • think ofsomebody/something as/look on somebody/something as • take the view that/be ofthe opinion that • be recognized/acknowledged as
spot v.发现
notice • can see/can tell • I see • spot • become aware/conscious • catchsomebody"s eye • detect • note • observe • perceive
camouflage v.伪装
disguise • camouflage
extract v.提取，抽取
find out • get something out of • get information • extract • worm somethingout of • drag something out of
F段
boost v.促进，加强
help • encourage • promote • aid • benefit • advance/further • be conducive to• give something a boost • be favourable for/t
differentiate v.区别开
can tell the difference • can tell somebody/something apart • distinguish •differentiate • draw/make a distinction • discriminate
exacerbate v.恶化
make things worse/make it worse • to make matters/things worse • aggravate •exacerbate • compound • to add insult to injury
filter v.过滤
To remove unwanted substances from water, air etc by passing it through aspecial substance or piece of equipment:
categorize v.将……分类
sort • categorize • classify • be grouped • class • grade
emerge v.开始出现
appear • become visible • come into view/come into sight • come out • emerge •loom/loom up • reappear
G段
Lip- read v. 观察人的嘴唇动作来理解话意
To understand what someone is saying by watching the way their lips move,because you cannot hear them
encapsulate v.涵盖，概括
To express or show something in a short way [= sum up]
transcribe v.记录，用音标记下……的语音
copy • copy out • copy down • transcribe
分篇替换词：C5T4
Passage 1
A段
promote v. 促进, 发扬，提拔
help • encourage • promote • aid • benefit • advance/further • be conducive to• give something a boost • be favourable for/to
boom v. 发出)轰轰声
boom/boom out • roar • thunder • blare/blare out • blast/blast out
isolate v. 隔离, 孤立,绝缘
separate • keep somebody apart • isolate • cut somebody off from • segregate •segregation • apartheid • in quarantine
prevail v. 流行, 盛行,获胜
win • come out on top • prevail • carry the day • win the day
B段
undermine v. 破坏
spoil • ruin • mess up • undermine • screw up • sabotage • throw a spanner inthe works • pour cold water on
associate v. 联系, 交往
link • associate • make a connection • establish a link
be connected/be related • be linked • associated • have/be something to do with• be bound up with something/go hand in hand
fuel v. 加燃料
increase • strengthen • heighten • add to • raise • fuel
C段
ensure v. 保证，确保
make sure/make certain • insure/ensure • see that/see to it that
exploit v. 开拓, 开发
use • take advantage of • exploit • manipulate • can wrap/wind somebody aroundyour little finger
integrate v. 成整体，结合
If two or more things integrate, or if you integrate them, they combine or worktogether in a way that makes something more effective
demonstrate v. 示范, 证明
prove • show • demonstrate • confirm • support • back up • bear out •substantiate • validate • corroborate
penetrate v. 穿透, 渗透,刺入
enter • penetrate • seep in • permeate
repatriate v. 遣返
expel • deport • extradite • repatriate • exile/send into exile • banish
Passage 2
第一段
analyze v. 分析, 分解
examine • look carefully/closely • take/have a look at • analyze • study •check • check over • inspect • go through/go over • look over • scrutinize
第二段
insist v.坚持, 强调
To keep doing something, especially something that is inconvenient or annoying:
第三段
disagree v. 不一致, 不赞同
disagree • not agree • not see eye to eye • take issue with • differ • agree todisagree • dissent
consult v.商量, 咨询
ask somebody"s advice • seek advice • get/obtain advice • consult
第四段
shelter v. 掩蔽,，躲避
shelter • give somebody shelter/refuge • asylum
第五段
solidify v. 凝固，巩固
harden • solidify • set • freeze • stiffen
exert v. 尽(力),施加(压力等)
To work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy:overcome v. 战胜,克服
hold back • stifle • suppress • overcome/conquer
第六段
create v. 创造, 产生
invent • create • come up with/think up • devise • make up • conceive • dreamup • coin
contain v. 包含, 容纳,容忍
include • contain • among • range from something to
第八段
expand v.膨胀，扩张，发展
get bigger • grow • expand • swell up • stretch
elapse v.(时间)过去,消逝
pass/go by • elapse • the passage/passing of time
第十段
scan v. 扫描，浏览,
skim • scan • have a look at
complete v.完成
finish • have done something • complete • get something finished • be through •conclude
Passage 3
第一段
assist v. 援助, 帮助
help • give/lend a hand • assist • do something for • do somebody a favour •help out • do somebody a good turn • do your bit • come to somebody"said/assistance • give help/assistance/support
第二段
occur v. 发生, 出现
happen • take place • there is • be • occur • come about • crop up • come up •be coming up • turn up • arise • strike
fluctuate v. 变动, 波动
keep changing • vary • fluctuate • be in flux/be in a state of flux
exceed v.超越, 胜过
be more than • exceed • outnumber • be up • pass
impact v. 碰撞, 冲击，影响
have an effect • have an impact • affect • take effect • make a difference •impact
increase v. 增加, 增大
increase • step up • expand • broaden • extend • intensify
differ v.不一致, 不同
different • not like • not the same • vary • differ • contrast with • be adeparture from • diverse
第三段
evolve v. 发展，进展，进化
develop • evolve
reserve v. 储备, 保存
reserve/book • reservation • booking
assure v. 断然地说, 确告,保证
promise • assure • give somebody your word • swear • vow • guarantee • committo • pledge
第四段
maximize v. 最大值, 最佳化
increase • raise • put up • jack up • push up/drive up/force up • boost •double/triple/quadruple • maximize
ripen v. 成熟
To become ripe or to make something ripe
第五段
delay v.耽搁, 延迟
delay • hold up • set back • get bogged down
remain v. 保持, 逗留,剩余
left • be left over • remain • survive • be still standing/be left standing •to spare • to go
escape v. 逃脱, 避开
escape • get out • run away/run off • bolt • run for it/make a run for it •flee • make your
escape • take to your heels • break free/break away • bail out
第六段
convert v. 转变, 转换
adapt • modify • convert • customize
第七段
divide v.划分, 分开,隔开
separate • divide • split • break up • break down • take apart • dismantle •take something to pieces
prevent v.防止, 预防
prevent • stop • keep somebody from doing something • restrain • hold back •get in the way of • discourage • avoid • avert • head off • guard against
survive v.幸免, 幸存
survive • survivor • come through • get through